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The Mission of the National Endowment of the Arts as Defined

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Independent agency of the United States federal regime

National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Logo 2018 Square on Black.svg
Agency overview
Formed 1965
Jurisdiction Federal authorities of the United States
Headquarters Constitution Center, Washington, D.C.
Annual budget $162,250,000 USD (2020)
Agency executive
  • Maria Rosario Jackson, Chairman[1]
Website arts.gov

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an contained agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence.[2] It was created by an deed of the U.Southward. Congress in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government. The agency was created by an human action of the U.S. Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 (20 U.s.a.C. 951).[3] The foundation consists of the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, besides equally the Special Tony Award in 2016.[four] In 1985, the Arts Endowment won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Move Picture Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Pic Establish in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of historic films.[5] Additionally, in 2016 and once again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Short Class Nonfiction or Reality Series category.[6]

History and Purpose [edit]

The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B. Johnson nether the general auspices of the Great Society. According to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its ain sake, nor did he have fourth dimension for fine art appreciation or coming together with artists."[7]

The NEA is "dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".[2]

Grants [edit]

Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than than $5 billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of betwixt $160 and $180 one thousand thousand. In 1996, Congress cutting the NEA funding to $99.five million every bit a upshot of force per unit area from bourgeois groups, including the American Family Association, who criticized the agency for using revenue enhancement dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve, Andres Serrano, Robert Mapplethorpe, and the performance artists known as the "NEA 4". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million.[viii] For FY 2010, the budget reached the level it was at during the mid-1990s at $167.5 million[9] merely cruel again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 one thousand thousand.[9]

Governance [edit]

The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a iv-year term and subject to congressional confirmation.[10] The NEA'southward advisory committee, the National Quango on the Arts, advises the Chairman on policies and programs, likewise as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative. This body consists of 14 individuals appointed past the President for their expertise and knowledge in the arts, in addition to six ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting capacity.[xi]

Grantmaking [edit]

The NEA offers grants in the categories of: one) grants for arts projects, ii) national initiatives, and 3) partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects in the discipline categories of creative person communities, arts education, dance, design, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary art forms), theater, and visual arts. The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of infrequent talent in the areas of prose and poetry.

The NEA has partnerships in the areas of country and regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA's master partners in serving the American people through the arts. 40 percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards three Lifetime Honors: NEA National Heritage Fellowships to master folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who take fabricated extraordinary contributions to opera in the Usa. The NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually past the President.

Relative scope of funding [edit]

Creative person William Powhida has noted that "in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christie's in New York." He further commented: "If y'all had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA upkeep in 2 nights."[12]

Lifetime honors [edit]

The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime achievement awards. The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American'southward folk and traditional arts. The National Medal of Arts is awarded past the President of the United States and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the arts in the United states.

Controversy [edit]

1981 attempts to abolish [edit]

Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a 3-year catamenia. Reagan'south first director of the Part of Direction and Upkeep, David A. Stockman, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "good [departments] to only bring to a halt because they went likewise far, and they would be easy to defeat." Some other proposal would have halved the arts endowment upkeep. Even so, these plans were abandoned when the President's special job force on the arts and humanities, which included shut Reagan allies such equally conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of by assistance," concluding that continued federal back up was important. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the department's budget decreased from $158.viii million in 1981 to $143.5 million, by 1989 it was $169.1 million, the highest information technology had e'er been.[13] [14] [15]

1989 objections [edit]

In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Clan held a press conference attacking what he called "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the eye of the controversy was Piss Christ, a photo of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the creative person as his ain urine.[xvi] Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D'Amato began to rally confronting the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Order and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks. Republican representative Dick Armey, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to assail a planned exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Art that was to receive NEA support.

On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did non desire to "adversely affect the NEA's congressional appropriations." The Washington Project for the Arts later hosted the Mapplethorpe prove. The cancellation was highly criticized and in September, 1989, the Director of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy by removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead found itself in the centre of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the board of trustees and the manager, have inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which nosotros deeply regret. Our course in the future will exist to support art, artists and freedom of expression."[17]

Democrat representative Pat Williams, chairman of the Business firm subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with republican Tom Coleman to formulate a compromise bill to save the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to aggrandize admission to the arts in rural and inner city areas, go out the obscenity determination to the courts, and altered the composition of the review panels to increase diversity of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of involvement.[18] Afterward violent fence, the language embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law.[19]

Though this controversy inspired congressional contend almost appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.[xx]

1990 performance artists vetoed [edit]

Bourgeois media connected to attack individual artists whose NEA-supported work was deemed controversial. The "NEA Four", Karen Finley, Tim Miller, John Fleck, and Holly Hughes, were performance artists whose proposed grants from the United states of america regime'southward National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were vetoed by John Frohnmayer in June 1990. Grants were overtly vetoed on the basis of bailiwick matter after the artists had successfully passed through a peer review procedure. The artists won their case in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant money in question, though the instance would brand its way to the Us Supreme Court in National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley.[21] The instance centered on subsection (d)(1) of 20 U.South.C. § 954 which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that creative excellence and creative merit are the criteria by which applications are judged. The courtroom ruled in 524 U.Southward. 569 (1998), that Section 954(d)(1) is facially valid, equally it neither inherently interferes with First Amendment rights nor violates constitutional vagueness principles.

1995–1997 congressional attacks [edit]

The 1994 midterm elections cleared the way for Firm Speaker Newt Gingrich to lead a renewed set on on the NEA. Gingrich had chosen for the NEA to be eliminated completely forth with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists, others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist.[22] However, despite massive budget cutbacks and the end of grants to individual artists, Gingrich ultimately failed in his button to eliminate the endowment.

Proposed defunding [edit]

The budget outline submitted past then-president Donald Trump on March xvi, 2017, to Congress would eliminate all funding for the program.[23] [24] Congress approved a budget that retained NEA funding. The White House budget proposed for fiscal year 2018 again chosen for elimination of funding, but Congress retained the funding for some other year.[25]

Chairpeople [edit]

  • 1965–1969 Roger L. Stevens, appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
  • 1969–1977 Nancy Hanks, appointed by Richard M. Nixon
  • 1977–1981 Livingston L. Biddle, Jr., appointed by Jimmy Carter
  • 1981–1989 Frank Hodsoll, appointed by Ronald Reagan
  • 1989–1992 John Frohnmayer, appointed by George H. W. Bush-league
  • 1993–1997 Jane Alexander, appointed by Bill Clinton
  • 1998–2001 Nib Ivey, appointed by Bill Clinton
  • 2002 Michael P. Hammond, appointed by George W. Bush
  • 2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Interim Chairman, appointed by George Westward. Bush-league
  • 2003–2009 Dana Gioia, appointed past George W. Bush
  • 2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Interim Chairman, appointed past Barack Obama[26] [27]
  • 2009–2012 Rocco Landesman, appointed past Barack Obama[28] [29] [30]
  • 2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Acting Chairman[31]
  • 2014–2018[32] R. Jane Chu, appointed by Barack Obama[33] [34]
  • 2019–2021[35] Mary Anne Carter, appointed by Donald Trump[36]
  • 2021–Nowadays[37] Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed by Joe Biden.[38]

Nancy Hanks (1969–77) [edit]

Nancy Hanks served as the 2d Chairman of the NEA (1969-1977) She was appointed past President Richard Nixon, continuing her service under Gerald Ford. During her viii-year tenure, the NEA'southward funding increased from $eight million to $114 million.[ citation needed ]

According to Elaine A. King:

Nancy Hanks maybe was able to accomplish her mission because she functioned as a blazon of benevolent art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red-tape. From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' administration, the Arts Endowment functioned like a fine piece of oiled machinery. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby system. Although she had not had directly administrative experience in the federal government, some people were skeptical at the beginning of her term. Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to straight this complex cultural role. Richard Nixon's early on endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several ways. The budget for the Arts Endowment non only increased just also more federal funding became available and numerous programs within the agency.[39]"

See as well [edit]

  • National Endowment for the Humanities
  • National Heritage Fellowship
  • National Medal of Arts winners
  • NEA Jazz Masters
  • New York City Department of Cultural Affairs

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ www.whitehouse.gov
  2. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts. "Nearly The states". Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved March thirteen, 2009.
  3. ^ "The statesC. Championship 20 - EDUCATION". www.govinfo.gov . Retrieved 2020-10-02 .
  4. ^ "The 2016 Tony Awards: Winners". Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  5. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts wins Honorary Oscar".
  6. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts: The states of Arts".
  7. ^ Karen Patricia Heath, "Artistic scarcity in an age of textile abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Social club liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.ane (2017): 5-22. online
  8. ^ [1] [ dead link ]
  9. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History, NEA
  10. ^ Patricia Cohen (August 7, 2013) Vacancies Hamper Agencies for Arts New York Times.
  11. ^ National Council on the Arts Archived 2010-12-xvi at the Wayback Machine, nea.gov Archived 2008-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Neda Ulaby (Director) (2014-05-fifteen). "In Pricey Cities, Being A Maverick Starving Artist Gets Erstwhile Fast". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2014-05-31 .
  13. ^ William H. Honan (May 15, 1988). "Book Discloses That Reagan Planned To Kill National Endowment for Arts". New York Times.
  14. ^ Gioia, Dana (17 Feb 2017). "For the umpteenth time, the National Endowment for the Arts deserves its funding". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved Feb twenty, 2017.
  15. ^ "Frank Hodsoll, NEA chairman who championed arts under Reagan, dies at 78". Washington Post . Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  16. ^ Paul Monaco (2000). Understanding Society, Culture, and Television. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 100. ISBN978-0-275-97095-half-dozen.
  17. ^ Quigley, Margaret. "The Mapplethorpe Censorship Controversy". PublicEye.org/Political Enquiry Associates. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  18. ^ Kresse, Mary Ellen (January ane, 1991). "Turmoil at the National Endowment for the Arts: Tin can Federally Funded Act Sur unded Deed Survive the "Mapplethorpe Contr eastward the "Mapplethorpe Controversy" ?". Buffalo Law Review: 44 – via Digital Commons.
  19. ^ Parachini, Changed NEA Likely Even Without Content Rules, L.A. Times, October. 29, 1990 Online
  20. ^ C. Carr, Timeline of NEA 4 events, franklinfurnace.org
  21. ^ National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, 524 U.S. 569, (1998).
  22. ^ Hughes, Robert (Baronial 7, 1995). "Pulling the Fuse on Civilization". Fourth dimension. Archived from the original on Oct ix, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  23. ^ Naylor, Brian (March sixteen, 2017). "Trump Budget Cuts Funding For Arts, Humanities Endowments And Corporation For Public Dissemination". NPR . Retrieved March twenty, 2017.
  24. ^ McPhee, Ryan (March xvi, 2017). "Trump Administration's Upkeep Proposal Eliminates National Endowment for the Arts". Playbill . Retrieved March twenty, 2017.
  25. ^ National Endowment for the Arts Update: Trump FY2018 Budget Proposal Calls for Elimination of NEA Funding
  26. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Acting Chairman" Archived 2009-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, NEA press release dated February 2, 2009 at NEA website.
  27. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Saving Federal Arts Funds: Selling Culture equally an Economic Force," New York Times, February 16, 2009.
  28. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Producer Is Chosen to Lead Arts Endowment", New York Times, May 13, 2009.
  29. ^ Davi Napoleon, "Mr. Landesman Goes to Washington" Archived 2009-07-xiii at the Wayback Machine, The Faster Times, June 13, 2009.
  30. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts", New York Times, August vii, 2009.
  31. ^ "Statement from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman". The National Endowment for the Arts. November xx, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  32. ^ "Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4, 2018 | NEA". www.arts.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03.
  33. ^ "Jane Chu confirmed as NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a yr". The Washington Postal service. July 12, 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  34. ^ "Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts". Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  35. ^ "Mary Anne Carter". NEA. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2020-06-fifteen .
  36. ^ "Mary Anne Carter Confirmed by Senate as Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts". NASAA . Retrieved 2019-08-06 .
  37. ^ "Maria Rosario Jackson". NEA. 2022-02-17.
  38. ^ "Senate confirms Biden's pick for the National Endowment for the Arts". NEA . Retrieved 2022-02-17 .
  39. ^ Elaine A. King,"Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Strength"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).

Sources [edit]

  • Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term every bit NEA Chair on June 4, 2018
  • National Endowment for the Arts (2000). The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Cursory Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. OCLC 52401250. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-24 .

Further reading [edit]

  • Arian, Edward. The Unfulfilled Hope: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America (1993)
  • Benedict, Stephen, ed. Public Coin and the Muse: Essays on Government Funding for the Arts (1991)
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. "Directions in arts policy history." Periodical of Policy History 21.4 (2009): 424–430.
  • Binkiewicz, Donna Chiliad. Federalizing the Muse: The states Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980, (U of Due north Carolina Press, 2004) 312pp., ISBN 0-8078-2878-5.
  • Cowen, Tyler. Practiced and plenty: The artistic successes of American arts funding (Princeton Upwards< 2009).
  • Heath, Karen Patricia. "Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism." European Journal of American Civilization 36.1 (2017): v-22. online
  • Jensen, Richard. "The culture wars, 1965-1995: A historian'southward map." Journal of Social History (1995): 17–37. online
  • Kammen, Michael. "Culture and the State in America." Journal of American History 83.3 (1996): 791–814. online
  • Male monarch,Elaine A. "Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).
  • Levy, Alan Howard. Government and the arts: Debates over federal support of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms (Up of America, 1997).
  • Honey, Jeffrey. "Sorting out our roles: The state arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts." Periodical of Arts Management and Police force 21.3 (1991): 215–226.
  • Lowell, Julia F. "State Arts Agencies 1965-2003. Whose Interests to Serve?: (RAND Paper No. RAND/MG-121. RAND CORP, 2004). online
  • Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. Art lessons: Learning from the rise and fall of public arts funding (1995).
  • NEA. National Endowment for the Arts: a cursory history, 1965-2006: an excerpt --the beginning through the Hanks era (1986) Online complimentary
  • Ottley, Gary, and Richard Hanna. "Do consumers know plenty to assess the true value of art? A report of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA." Periodical of Public Affairs eighteen.2 (2018): e1654.
  • Schuster, J. Mark. "Sub-national cultural policy--where the activeness is: Mapping state cultural policy in the Us." International periodical of cultural policy 8.2 (2002): 181–196.
  • Uy, Michael Sy. Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music, (Oxford University Press, 2020) 270pp.

Primary sources [edit]

  • Alexander, Jane. Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics. (Public Affairs, 2000) Chairman of the NEA 1993-1997
  • Biddle, Livingston. Our government and the arts: A perspective from the inside (1988), drafted NEA legislation; senior NEA official
  • Frohnmayer, John. Leaving Town Alive: Confessions of an Arts Warrior (1992) NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992
  • Direct, Michael. Nancy Hanks: an intimate portrait: the creation of a national commitment to the arts. (1988) Nancy Hanks was NEA Chairman 1969–77; Michael Straight was her deputy chairman.
  • National Endowment for the Arts. The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities in the Federal Register
  • publications by and nigh NEA online free
  • NEA Small-scale Press Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts

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